当前页面数据源:
settings
appName
version
template
domain
static_url
APP_VERSION
site
nav
category
friendlink
frag
tag
videos
pics
news
hot
imgs
tags
count
pre
next
cate
article
position
variables
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cache
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"title": "人均预期78.6岁,如何迎接长寿“新常态”?",
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"description": "新华社北京12月18日电 12月18日,《新华每日电讯》发表题为《人均预期78.6岁,如何迎接长寿“新常态”?》的报道。",
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"content": "<p>新华社北京12月18日电 12月18日,《新华每日电讯》发表题为《人均预期78.6岁,如何迎接长寿“新常态”?》的报道。</p>\n<p>最新的《2023年卫生健康事业发展统计公报》显示,中国的人均预期寿命达到78.6岁。这意味着,如果顺利,去年出生的婴儿多数将能够看到下个世纪初的太阳。</p>\n<p>长寿的趋势,与人们的切身感受相符合。环顾身边,长寿老人明显越来越多,80岁习以为常,90岁也不再稀罕。</p>\n<p>与新中国成立时相比,中国的人均预期寿命翻了不止一番。从2012年至今,10余年间中国人均预期寿命增长超过3.5岁。这是高起点上的继续提升,无论与发展中国家还是高收入国家相比,增速都非常可观。</p>\n<p>有研究预测,未来一段时期,这个数字还将保持每10年增长2到3岁的速度。</p>\n<p>伴随长寿时代到来,迎面而至的是人口结构变化、养老需求大幅增长的冲击,整个社会系统面临深度调整。更重要的是,随着人生终点的推迟,老年、中年、青年的概念将被重新定义,人们审视人生的尺度将发生巨大变化,对生命的态度也将不同以往。</p>\n<p>从古至今,人们千方百计祈求活得更长、更久,当这一天真的来临,我们作好准备了吗?</p>\n<p><strong>告别“人生七十古来稀”的说法</strong></p>\n<p>收到记者的采访问题,88岁的原卫生部卫生统计信息中心主任陈育德很干脆地回复:能否用微信交流?</p>\n<p>20世纪60年代初,这位在北京医学院卫生系(现北京大学公共卫生学院)研究人均预期寿命测算的学者很难预测到,60年后的自己,在颐养天年之际还能熟练使用科技社交工具积极工作。</p>\n<p>根据1963年一项对国内“21个省、自治区、直辖市的部分地区”的调查,人均预期寿命当时仅为61.7岁,比现在少了差不多17岁。</p>\n<p><strong>什么是人均预期寿命?</strong></p>\n<p>简单来说,它是通过统计各个年龄段的死亡率,推算出新生人口平均可以存活的年数,其全称为“人口0岁平均预期寿命”。各年龄段的死亡率越低,人均预期寿命就会越高。</p>\n<p>陈育德解释,人均预期寿命是采用寿命表编制方法测算得来的,并不等同于实际的人口平均死亡年龄。不过,由于能够反映某时某地经济社会、生态环境、人口生活方式和卫生健康等综合状况,并可直接进行比较,这一指标在全球得到广泛应用。</p>\n<p>在世界卫生组织每年公布的世界卫生统计报告中,人均预期寿命一直是一个重要章节。</p>\n<p>如果把中国历年的人均预期寿命数字连在一起,可以直观地看到一条稳步上扬的“长寿曲线”——</p>\n<p>新中国成立前,人均预期寿命只有大约35岁。据第三次人口普查资料测算,1981年中国人均预期寿命为67.9岁。到1998年,人均预期寿命上升到71岁,已经大大超过了世界平均水平。</p>\n<p>尤其自2011年至2021年,中国人均预期寿命从74.8岁增长到78.2岁。</p>\n<p>《柳叶刀·公共卫生》杂志今年4月发表的一项建模研究结果推测,到2035年,中国人均预期寿命有望增长到81.3岁。</p>\n<p>预期寿命的增长,与实际寿命的延长形成了呼应。</p>\n<p>张女士在北京一家事业单位的离退休干部局工作。她留意到,近年来发出的讣告上,逝者享年有大幅增长。她粗略作了统计:2000年之前,讣告上出现最多的年龄是70+;如今,大多数已经是80+,还有不少是90+甚至超过百岁的。</p>\n<p>“数据不一定全面,但长寿的趋势很明显。”张女士说。</p>\n<p>大城市之外,乡村的长寿人数也明显增加。尤其是在一些“长寿之乡”。</p>\n<p>在江苏启东的海复镇,102岁的老人范庆礼熟练摆弄着芦稷穗子,几根麻绳穿梭,配以笔直光滑的竹柄,不出半个小时,一把扫帚就已成形。</p>\n<p>启东毗邻万里长江入海口,潮水退、滩涂出,沧海变桑田。百余年来的这种变迁,至今仍有目击者亲证——</p>\n<p>2020年的第七次全国人口普查数据显示,启东有百岁以上老人185位,比2010年第六次全国人口普查时增加140人。而启东所在的江苏南通市,七普数据显示共有1236位百岁老人,相当于每10万人中就有16位百岁老人。</p>\n<p>根据中国老年学和老年医学学会的评选标准,每10万人中有7位及以上百岁老人,是“长寿之乡”授牌的必要条件。放眼全国,达标的地方不断增加。自2007年以来,被该学会认定的“长寿之乡”已超过100个。</p>\n<center><img src=\"http://www.news.cn/local/20241218/6ad838703d3749d281bd8add31abb45b/202412182338aab085174c55aab6fa7a534dfca2_XxjrmtC007009_20241218_CBMFN0A001.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"478\"></center>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">游客参观广西巴马瑶族自治县长寿博物馆。新华社记者 崔博文 摄</p>\n<p>寿命上限快速提升,不论是“生年不满百”的喟叹,还是“人生七十古来稀”的感慨,都渐渐“俱往矣”。</p>\n<p>不过,在人类寿命普遍延长的大趋势下,也有一些国家和地区的人均预期寿命却出现增长停滞甚至下跌的现象。有的是因为战争、政治动荡,还有的是因为医疗和社会问题。例如,非洲南部一些国家由于艾滋病泛滥,人均预期寿命一直徘徊在50岁左右,甚至有个别国家曾一度低至40岁以下。</p>\n<p>由此可见,尽管人类社会已经发展到一个新高度,但长寿也并非一件理所当然之事。</p>\n<p><strong>长寿的“秘诀”是什么?</strong></p>\n<p>2024年3月,中华预防医学会公布上一年度的科学技术奖获奖名单。“中国高龄老年人群主要健康特征、关键影响因素与干预技术研究”获得一等奖。</p>\n<p>这是世界上规模最大的高龄老人研究。研究启动于1998年,项目组历时20多年,经过9次调查,在全国23个省份800多个区县入户随访4.2万名高龄老年人,系统收集了他们的健康指标。</p>\n<p>根据一系列调查结果,项目组核心成员、北京大学健康老龄与发展研究中心名誉主任曾毅发表论文指出,更健康的生活方式、更好的医疗保健和更高的收入,使得老年人更长寿。</p>\n<center><img src=\"http://www.news.cn/local/20241218/6ad838703d3749d281bd8add31abb45b/202412182338aab085174c55aab6fa7a534dfca2_XxjrmtC007009_20241218_CBMFN0A002.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\"></center>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">在山东省滨州市博兴县博华老年公寓文体活动室,老人们在剪纸。新华社记者 郭绪雷 摄</p>\n<p>基于同一跟踪调查数据库,复旦大学公共卫生学院的研究人员还发现,不吸烟、规律运动、食物多样化与活到百岁之间存在着独立的显著关联。</p>\n<p>对数据的定量分析,很大程度支持了美国人口学家塞缪尔·普雷斯顿的判断。后者认为,在影响寿命增长的因素当中,收入增长和营养充足占了大约25%,其他因素主要是传染病媒介控制、药物和免疫方面公共卫生的革新。</p>\n<p>新中国成立75年来,经济发展的巨大成就有目共睹,全民卫生健康事业也取得长足进步。特别是近10余年来,我国把保障人民健康放在优先发展的战略位置,持续推进“以治病为中心”向“以人民健康为中心”转变,健康中国建设铭刻下不平凡的印记。这些成果,都反映在人均预期寿命的持续增长上。</p>\n<p>中国疾控中心慢病中心副主任周脉耕是前述发布在《柳叶刀·公共卫生》上的建模研究牵头人之一。他告诉记者,研究显示,中国的人均预期寿命增长与婴幼儿死亡率降低、传染病防控成效有很大关系。</p>\n<p>从历史上看,1949年之前,我国婴儿死亡率高达200‰,也就是五分之一的宝宝会在襁褓中夭折。</p>\n<p>与婴幼儿死亡率相关联的,通常还有孕产妇死亡率。1949年前,我国孕产妇死亡率高达1500/10万。</p>\n<p>这几项严重影响人均预期寿命的指标,在新中国成立以后均出现持续大幅改善。</p>\n<p>国家卫生健康委妇幼司有关负责人介绍,到2023年,我国婴儿死亡率已降至4.5‰,5岁以下儿童死亡率降至6.2‰,孕产妇死亡率降至15.1/10万,均位居全球中高收入国家前列。</p>\n<p>从近10余年的数据来看:与2011年相比,婴儿死亡率下降了62.8%,5岁以下儿童死亡率下降了60.3%,孕产妇死亡率下降了42.1%。正因进步如此显著,中国被世界卫生组织评定为全球十个妇幼健康高绩效国家之一。</p>\n<p>除了上述妇幼健康核心指标的极大改善,一系列恶性传染病得到有效防治甚至彻底消除,也是中国人均预期寿命大幅增长的重要原因。</p>\n<p>从鼠疫、霍乱、天花等烈性病,到结核病、小儿麻痹症等贻害无穷的“恶疾”,新中国成立后,通过广泛接种疫苗、服用“糖丸”等方式,逐步击退肆虐神州大地千百年的一批重大传染病。</p>\n<p>2012年以来,我国消除了疟疾,实现了乙肝控制目标,艾滋病疫情得到有效控制,血吸虫病疫情降至历史最低水平……一系列了不起的壮举,进一步筑牢织密公共卫生防护网。</p>\n<p>对于中国卫生健康事业的进步,世界卫生组织驻华代表马丁·泰勒有切身感受。</p>\n<p>20多年前他第一次到中国时,广大农村还有不少人缺乏医疗保障;再度来到中国工作,他发现中国的医疗可及性已有很大改善。</p>\n<p>“中国人均预期寿命的大幅提高是一个惊人成就,医疗卫生服务体系是这一成就的贡献者之一。”泰勒说。</p>\n<p>当人类战胜疾病的能力越来越强,寿命的“天花板”能推到多高?我们能更长寿吗?</p>\n<p>目前,由吉尼斯世界纪录认证的最长寿者,是法国一位名叫让娜·卡尔芒的女性,122岁高龄。</p>\n<p>越来越多乐观主义者认为,随着医疗技术持续进步,尤其是借助生命科学领域的革命,人类将搭建起一座通往更长寿命的桥梁。</p>\n<p>基因,被认为是决定寿命能否继续增长的主要内因。谷歌2017年曾宣布推出一款名为Deep Variant的人工智能产品,帮助建立更精确的人类基因组谱图,以期破解更多“生命密码”。</p>\n<p>一些科学家预测,人类突破现有长寿“天花板”将分为三个阶段:阶段一是人工智能预测寿命,在人类未生病之前进行深度检查;阶段二是人工智能医生替代人类医生,医疗成为一项“信息+基因”的科技;阶段三是通过对人类基因重新“编程”,让人类远离疾病和衰老。</p>\n<p>器官衰竭,也是导致人类寿命“触顶”的一个重要原因。</p>\n<p>利用再生医学技术修复受损的器官,通过干细胞培养和组织工程生成新的器官,甚至利用纳米技术、人工智能对老化的身体进行分子水平的重建……科技的迅速发展,让原本存在于科幻小说中的场景不断走进现实,也为人类进一步延长寿命提供了更多想象空间。</p>\n<p>让长寿更可承受</p>\n<p>中国人口与发展研究中心主任贺丹根据研究预测,到2050年我国80岁以上老人数量将会翻两番。</p>\n<p>寿命普遍延长,带来人口结构的变化。长寿的一个“附加题”难以回避:老年人越来越多,是否意味着社会的负担将不断加重?</p>\n<p>今年9月发布的《2023年民政事业发展统计公报》披露,截至2023年底,全国60周岁及以上老年人口已接近3亿人,占总人口的21.1%。按照国际通行标准,中国社会已经进入中度老龄化阶段。</p>\n<p>而根据第五次中国城乡老年人生活状况抽样调查数据,2021年我国60岁及以上老年人中不能自理的占4.5%,约有1200万人,存在自理困难的占7.1%,约有1900万人,合计约有3100万老年人需要照顾服务。到2023年,这一群体进一步增加到约3500万人。</p>\n<p>曾毅在相关研究中使用了“胜利的成本”概念——人类寿命提高带来效益的同时,也有一定成本。活得更长,可能意味着人们在经历威胁生命的疾病后存活下来,却受到慢性健康问题困扰。</p>\n<p>在曾毅看来,没有必要为此恐慌,但需要积极应对,通过一系列行之有效的政策措施,努力实现人口和经济社会健康老龄化。</p>\n<p>从某种意义上看,无论个体还是社会,都必须投入大量资源抗击慢性病,这是长寿的“副产品”。</p>\n<p>20世纪70年代,我国曾组织实施第一次全国人口死因调查,在29个省份的2392个县级行政地区开展了覆盖8.5亿人口的死亡情况摸底。</p>\n<p>调查发现,当时我国人口主要死因排名前三的,已经是呼吸系统疾病、心血管疾病和恶性肿瘤。在人均预期寿命较高的省份,慢性病的危害更加突出。</p>\n<p>1990年至2017年,我国居民疾病谱进一步发生变化——传染性疾病、母婴疾病、营养相关疾病负担大幅降低,而慢性非传染性疾病负担增加。</p>\n<p>“中国医疗系统的首要目标应是防控慢性病,尤其是在老年人群中。”我国疾控专家在《柳叶刀》发表论文时作出分析。</p>\n<p>为了把慢性病关进“笼子”,我国采取了一系列行动。</p>\n<p>党的十九大作出实施健康中国战略的重大决策部署,强调坚持预防为主,倡导健康文明生活方式,预防控制重大疾病。</p>\n<p>为贯彻落实健康中国战略,国务院办公厅专门印发《中国防治慢性病中长期规划(2017—2025年)》。此后,国家卫生健康委联合10多个部门,将心脑血管疾病、癌症、糖尿病、慢性呼吸系统疾病四大慢性病防治纳入健康中国行动的总体部署,并分别制定了具体的“路线图”。</p>\n<p>指导基层医疗卫生机构加大血压、血糖、血脂“三高共管”力度;将慢阻肺病监测纳入居民慢性病及其危险因素监测工作内容……针对多个慢性病,防治关口不断前移。</p>\n<center><img src=\"http://www.news.cn/local/20241218/6ad838703d3749d281bd8add31abb45b/202412182338aab085174c55aab6fa7a534dfca2_XxjrmtC007009_20241218_CBMFN0A003.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\"></center>\n<p>江苏省南京市建邺区双闸社区卫生服务中心的家庭医生入户为签约居民进行慢性病随访及康复评估训练指导。新华社记者 毛俊 摄</p>\n<p>77岁的广州市居民何伯伯患有前列腺增生和原发性高血压,需长期服用药物控制。但以前部分药物不在社区卫生服务中心的用药清单中,他每隔一段时间就得到大医院排长队取药。如今,通过当地“云药房”在线平台,拿药方便了很多,何伯伯不用再频频往大医院跑。</p>\n<p>何伯伯的经历,是国家慢性病综合防控示范区建设的缩影。截至目前,我国累计建成国家慢性病综合防控示范区488个,县区覆盖率超17%。</p>\n<p>在中国疾控中心慢病中心主任吴静看来,示范区的建设为基层居民提供了身边优质便捷的慢性病防控环境和服务,有效降低了慢性病对居民生活质量和预期寿命的影响。</p>\n<p>近年来,我国已建成全球最大的疾病和健康危险因素监测网络,重大慢性病过早死亡率从2015年的18.5%下降至2023年的15.0%。</p>\n<p>让长寿更可承受,除了降低慢性病的“负作用”,还要做大养老服务的“正资产”。</p>\n<p>根据民政部公布的信息,截至2023年底,全国共有各类养老机构和设施40.4万个,养老床位合计823.0万张。与此同时,所有省份均已出台实施方案和基本养老服务清单。</p>\n<p>解决养老服务方面的急难愁盼问题,让养老真正变“享老”。</p>\n<p>《中国健康老龄化发展蓝皮书(2023-2024)》显示,我国养老模式基本构成是“9073”——约90%居家养老,7%依托社区支持养老,3%机构养老。照顾好居家和社区养老的日常需求,让老年人在“家门口”就能享受到便捷的养老服务,就成了重中之重。</p>\n<p>根据中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发的《关于推进基本养老服务体系建设的意见》,“十四五”时期要重点聚焦老年人面临家庭和个人难以应对的失能、残疾、无人照顾等困难时的基本养老服务需求。</p>\n<p>织密养老幸福“网”,不仅要政府兜好底,还需要全社会共同努力。</p>\n<p>针对养老服务需求旺盛的状况,民政部表示,要充分发挥政府、市场、社会、家庭等各方作用,加快构建居家社区机构相协调、医养康养相结合的养老服务体系,推动养老事业和养老产业协同发展。</p>\n<p>复旦大学老龄研究院副院长吴玉韶建议,全社会要树立和践行积极老龄观和健康老龄化新理念、强化老龄社会治理与多元主体责任共担、优化养老保险、健全养老服务体系、补齐农村养老服务短板、培育银发经济新动能、增强养老服务要素保障。</p>\n<p>“应对人口老龄化是一项系统工程,要努力让长寿成为可负担、可承受的美好现实。”吴玉韶说。</p>\n<p><strong>改变变老的方式</strong></p>\n<p>“我们开始进入长寿社会,而不是老龄社会。”英国的长寿经济学专家安德鲁·斯科特如是说。</p>\n<p>他认为,长寿与老龄的区别在于:长寿社会是为人类更长的寿命作好准备,确保生活质量和延长寿命的意义;老龄社会则容易让人产生负面印象,比如各种老年慢性病等。</p>\n<p>“长寿社会是将长寿的人视为财富,而非负担。”在《百岁人生:长寿时代的生活和工作》一书中,安德鲁·斯科特这样写道。</p>\n<p>没有人能避免变老,但如何变老却是一个可选项。</p>\n<p>每到周二和周五,家在天津的七旬独居老人宋慧华都会早早起床,吃过早饭,穿上一身干练的小西装,到家附近的老年活动中心进行舞蹈训练。</p>\n<p>舞蹈队共有20多人,时常到社区和养老机构进行表演。“跳舞的时候,我总觉得自己还很年轻。”她说。</p>\n<p>一份有关国民健身趋势的报告指出,中国老年人“体卫融合”意识有所增强,超过53%的老年人认为体育健身具有积极作用,他们更注重通过体育健身增强心肺功能。</p>\n<center><img src=\"http://www.news.cn/local/20241218/6ad838703d3749d281bd8add31abb45b/202412182338aab085174c55aab6fa7a534dfca2_XxjrmtC007009_20241218_CBMFN0A004.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"518\"></center>\n<p>在浙江省嘉兴市南湖区新嘉街道电子社区邻里中心的长者运动健康之家内,老人们在进行器械锻炼。新华社记者 徐昱 摄</p>\n<p>根据这份研究报告,国内老年群体对运动健身的需求不断扩大,且呈现多元化趋势,活动不仅限于公园遛弯和跳广场舞,在健身器械、健身课程上的消费力也越来越强。</p>\n<p>这一趋势,在全球医生组织中国代表处首席代表时占祥看来,正是长寿时代的特点。</p>\n<p>时占祥近年来致力于建立全球长寿诊所协作平台。他认为,目前社会对于老年人的健康支持还存在不少空白,例如医院没有设置长寿门诊,社区仅仅关照老年人基础慢性病护理。未来,医疗资源应当从疾病治疗、慢性病管理转向预防保健、主动健康,鼓励人们采取更加积极的健康行为。</p>\n<p>时占祥说,有必要改变对高龄老年人的看法,构建一个为长寿作好准备的社会,确保长寿者生活质量与寿命延长相互匹配。</p>\n<p>要活得长,更要活得健康,这一理念不仅得到更多社会个体的认同,也已成为引导学术研究的一项指标。</p>\n<p>除了预期寿命,世界卫生组织自20世纪末以来开始同时采用“健康预期寿命”,以反映各国人口的健康状况。</p>\n<p>北京大学人口所教授乔晓春介绍,随着人口快速老龄化以及人均预期寿命大幅提高,人们开始发现,不少国家在人均预期寿命提高的同时,人们的不健康期也在延长。</p>\n<p>在乔晓春看来,健康寿命比寿命本身更重要。延长健康寿命,将极大提高人们的生活质量,并尽可能减少生命最后阶段对家庭和社会资源的消耗。</p>\n<p>到老年大学学习唱歌、书法,在老年活动中心参加丰富有趣的活动……老年人的退休生活正在变得越来越丰富多彩。随着越来越多的社区为老年人提供舒适的居家养老环境,老年人也积极融入社区,发挥余光余热,并在过程中收获快乐。</p>\n<p>在江苏省南通市,今年9月,“知心奶奶”蔡松英给考上高中、大学的孩子们包了“红包”。蔡奶奶和其他“知心奶奶”群体成员帮扶的孩子中,今年有7个考上了大学,8个考上了高中,其中不乏名校。</p>\n<p>20多年来,这个由离退休老人组成的“知心奶奶”团队,陪伴200多名重点帮扶对象走出阴霾,其中10多名孩子获得“江苏美德少年”等荣誉称号。</p>\n<p>每一位老人走过的岁月,都是一部生动的历史长卷,承载着时代的变迁,传递着生命的力量。</p>\n<p>一项关于我国老年人受教育程度的分布变化调查显示,2020年时,在即将进入老年阶段的50岁至59岁人口中,学历为高中及以上的比重超过20%。随着40岁至59岁的中年人在未来20年间相继步入老年阶段,届时老年群体总体受教育水平将进一步提高。</p>\n<p>在中国人民大学劳动关系研究所研究员马瑞君看来,这为促进“老有所为”、积极开发老年人力资源提供了更多可能。</p>\n<p>最大程度释放老年人的潜力,各地多有实践。在广东,佛山成立“银发专家库”,吸引经济、科技、农业、教育等多个领域的优秀银发专家,开展“银发专家进企业”活动。</p>\n<p>在陕西,省慈善协会通过实施“外婆的礼物”公益帮扶项目,帮助千余名留守老人将其丰富的养殖经验转化为健康、新鲜的农产品,为“外婆”们开启了创业致富的新生活。</p>\n<p>“顺应老年人消费结构升级和消费需求个性化、多样化、品质化发展趋势,我国银发经济各领域新技术、新业态、新模式不断涌现,成为培育产业发展新动能的重要途径。”中国宏观经济研究院经济体制与管理研究所宏观室副主任王皓田说。</p>\n<p>不过,充分挖掘长寿时代的潜力,首先要改变我们变老的方式。</p>\n<p>“应对老龄化,最重要的是改变对生命尺度的认知。”《长寿时代》的作者陈东升认为,60岁应看作中年人,80岁以上才是老年人。</p>\n<p>复旦大学社会发展与公共政策学院客座教授沈洁,多年在日本从事社会福利和老龄化研究。在她看来,对老年人重新定义不仅是在年龄上,更重要的是在观念和认知上。迎接长寿时代,老年人自身的意识要改变,也要及早进行人生设计。</p>\n<p>更高层面已然未雨绸缪。中共中央、国务院发布的《关于加强新时代老龄工作的意见》提出,把积极老龄观、健康老龄化理念融入经济社会发展全过程,推动人们从意识层面改变对老龄人群价值的认知。</p>\n<p>当年龄的跨度失去曾经的大部分意义,人们将更坦然地面对变老,或者说,对健康的生命更有信心。</p>",
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